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Abstract
Indonesia faces escalating challenges in municipal solid waste management and supply of electricity due to fast population growth and climate commitments. Waste-to-Energy (WtE) has emerged as a strategic approach to address waste accumulation while advancing national decarbonization goals. Despite Indonesia’s establishment of a legal framework for WtE through PR 109/2025, implementation remains constrained by governance complexity, financial viability, and environmental issues. This article analyses Indonesia’s WtE policy and regulatory framework while incorporation of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles as a supplementary method to optimizing WtE implementation. The study employs a normative legal methodology, incorporating statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches, the analyses Indonesian regulations and evaluate overseas WtE practices, specifically in Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. The results indicate that PR 109/2025 enhances coordination and investment certainty, while the inclusion of ESG, as evidenced by international standards, establishes a stronger basis for the future governance of sustainable technologies and accountable WtE operation in Indonesia.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Fawwaz Muhammad Raafi, Elsa Octaria Geraryn Panjaitan
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